The Crisis Of The Nigerian Economy - 1681 Words

PROBLEM STATEMENT: Economy of many nations is currently at distress due to current plunge of oil price the international market. This sink in crude oil price produces an economic shock especially to the poor and developing Countries that depend on crude oil revenues to balance their budgets (Iwayemi, Fowowe, 2011; also see Effiong, 2014). Nigeria, being one of those nations, is currently experiencing economic crisis. For instance, many states in the federation presently can no longer pay their employees’ salaries or provide basic services to their citizens. They are borrowing money or requesting for bailout from the Federal government to fulfill their obligations to their people. The shocking effects of this oil price drop extended†¦show more content†¦Also, over dependent on crude oil revenues to balance the budget, lack of diversification of economy, and mismanagement of the revenues from crude oil sales. Others issues include oil thefts, pipeline vandalization, dwindling of oil r evenue in the country contributed to the problem. For example, Shuaibu, Mohammed, (2014), point out that, â€Å"over-reliance on crude oil for over 90 percent of Nigeria s foreign exchange earnings makes its external account susceptible to international crude oil price fluctuations†. The large amount of proceeds earned from oil boom years were not properly utilized for meaningful and sustainable development, as such, poverty continued to be in the rise and people remain deprived of efficient energy services and sustainable livelihoods. The crude oil glut therefore induced huge dislocation in the economy, joined with gross mismanagement of resources and resulted into borrowing leading to increase in external debt. Abam, et al (2014) agreed that the high proceeds obtained from crude oil export in all the boom years brought about an unsustainable spending profile, which led to economic catastrophe when global petroleum prices crashed in 1986 and other subsequent years (Niger ia–Economy 2005; Suleiman, 2010). Some experts believed that Nigerian current woes are caused by resource curse or Dutch disease, while others argued that problem is caused by

The Smoking Age Should Be Legal Drinking Age - 2456 Words

Right to Serve, Not of Age to Drink Before the year 1984 if a person was 18-years-old in the United States, they were once allowed in certain areas to be able to drink. However, after 1984 the Federal Government passed a law that made the whole nation raise the legal drinking age to 21 (Daniloff). From then on there have been two sides arguing this law. One side says that if a person is allowed to vote at the age of 18 they should be allowed to vote. That same side also says that if a person is allowed to join the military at 18, they should be allowed to drink. The other side of the controversy argues that 18 is still a very young age. Because of these disagreements the national drinking age has become a controversial issue. Despite both side arguments, there is common ground between the two sides, particularly in knowing the long term affects drinking has on a person’s body and strict policies on drinking and driving. Even though the two sides may be able to find common ground between this controversial topic , the best way to settle the outcome may be to change the age to 18. At the age of 18 people are given the right to vote and they also have the right to join the military. However, they are not allowed to drink alcohol. These people are giving their lives up but they are not allowed to enjoy a simple drink every once in a while. These people may need to relieve some stress by drinking, but they cannot do that legally for another three years when they turn 21. WhyShow MoreRelatedThe Smoking Age Should Be Legal Drinking Age1517 Words   |  7 Pagesrequiring you to be over the age of 21 to consume alcoholic beverages. This law has proved itself by saving many lives and overall just having a positive outcome in the community. People say that no matter what the age limit is kids will still drink? I completely disagree, believe it or not there’s endless ways in which it can be prevented while the drinking age remains 21. Parents make a big difference and can prevent this from happening and I have to agree 100% that the drinking age has saved hundre ds ofRead MoreThe Issue Of Age Legalization971 Words   |  4 PagesAt the age of 18, people are allowed to join armed forces for the service of the nation. They are able to risk their lives for the nation and its betterment. After joining the military, they travel to many places and countries where they have to do the service. They are able to make such decisions by themselves. In addition to that, the country has made cigarettes and tobacco legal for people aged older than 18. It is found that the effects of smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages haveRead MoreSocial Issues Related to Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagesproblems, and interpersonal violence. Work People with alcohol dependence and drinking problems are on sick leave more frequently than other employees. In Great Britain, up to 25% of workplace accidents and around 60% of fatal accidents at work may be linked to alcohol. drinking alcohol at work and hangovers  may reduce productivity. Performance at work may be affected both by the volume and pattern of drinking. Co-workers perceive that heavy drinkers have lower performance, problems in personalRead MoreLegal Drinking Age in the United Kingdom1112 Words   |  4 PagesKingdom is known for its high volume of alcoholics. It only makes sense that if the adults are drinking, then the teenagers are drinking too. The country has been allowing the young kids to drink since they were five, in private areas, and sixteen in a public place. Although the law has been approved before, some people think that it should not be legal for such young children to drink. The legal drinking age should be at least 18, because children that youn g are still developing and alcohol has many negativeRead MoreDrinking Age Annotated Bibliography Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesMartino English Comp Annotated Bibliography Change the Age to Save the Lives The legal drinking age in the United States is the only age that is above 19 years of age. Everywhere else in the world the age is 19 and under and some countries don’t even have a drinking age. The drinking age should be lowered to 18 because it will help all the problems that come with underage drinking. There is a numerous amount of reasons to change the drinking age to 18 and there are also many opposing thoughts on itRead MoreWhy The Drinking Age During The U.s. Should Be Lowered1300 Words   |  6 PagesInsert name Professor’s name Course/class Date Why the drinking age in the U.S. should be lowered to 18 Getting to 18 years of age is an important milestone for a US resident because it is the legal age for independence, allowing the individual to make his or her decisions regarding tobacco smoking, driving and even joining the armed forces while being treated as an adult by the justice system. While this statement is essentially accurate, it is untrue concerning the ability to purchase and drinkRead MoreFor Years, The Debate About Deciding A Minimum Legal Drinking1638 Words   |  7 Pagesyears, the debate about deciding a minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) has plagued the United States. The arguments can include that intoxicated driving accidents will increase if the MLDA was lowered or that the current MLDA is not decreasing drinking among young adults at all. The torn arguments between ages eighteen and twenty-one have not proven one age to be the right answer to the problem of deciding a drinking age, but if the MLDA was lowered to age eighteen, it would be the most beneficial cho iceRead MoreDrinking Age : A Good Idea899 Words   |  4 PagesDrinking Age Who could possibly think it’s smart to lower the national minimum age requirement to buy and consume alcohol? Richard Marron, State Representative of Vermont, thinks it’s a good idea. Ruth C. Engs, Professor of Applied Health Sciences at Indiana University, thinks it’s a good idea. Dwight B. Heath, Professor of Anthropology at Brown University, thinks it’s a good idea. I think it’s a good idea. Wouldn’t lowering the Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) result in more cases of drunk drivingRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered From The Age Of 21 Essay980 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidered â€Å"adults† cannot even make their own decisions? The drinking age on alcohol is a controversial social and cultural issue in today’s society; all fifty states have a minimum drinking age of 21. The legal drinking age should be lowered from the age of 21 to 18 allowing young adults to be granted the right to drink in restaurants, bars, at social events, in the comfort of their own home, and so on. If anything, lowering the legal drinking age would have a positive impact on the United Sates economyRead MoreThe Reason to Increase the Age Limit of Smoking902 Words   |  4 Pagesto different diseases. Smoking cigarette is one of the worst problems our world is facing and the main reason for this term to be stressful is its consequence. Cigarette can cause differ ent diseases that can directly or indirectly lead to death; â€Å"tobacco use is responsible for nearly 1 in 5 deaths in the united states† (cigarette smoking). Most of the time this consequence highly exists on young smokers or victims can be affected by the consequence because they started smoking young. In the United

The Things They Carried free essay sample

They Carried true events and emotional truth were intertwined and often confused. War is confusing. It is clear that each person in the story interprets the truth differently. When telling a war story, the actual events, and the feeling the events create are not the same. The intensity of the emotion differs. Tim O’Brien chooses to express the truth in a war story by embellishing the events that occur. He does this in order for the reader to feel what a true war veteran felt during the war. In The Things They Carried story-truth expresses the emotion of each soldier fighting in the war. It replicates that emotion and lets the reader feel it. It is more relevant than happening truth, because happening truth wouldnt always convey emotion. The instant something is witnessed in war it is no longer the truth. Tim O’Brien states, â€Å" you always look away and then back for a moment and then look away again. We will write a custom essay sample on The Things They Carried or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The pictures get jumbled; you tend to miss a lot† (71). The truth is instantly jumbled. When telling the story the person will add details and better the happening truth. It becomes the interpretation of the person witnessing it. When embellishing the happening truth it becomes the story truth. Tim O’Brien writes, â€Å"there is always that surreal seemingness, which makes the story seem untrue, but which in fact represents the hard and exact truth as it seemed. † (71) Exaggeration brings feeling to a war story. The reader not only listens, the reader feels and understands the feeling the writer is giving off. A war story should make the reader feel what is read, not think what is read. Tim O’Brien says â€Å"It comes down to gut instinct. A true war story, if truly told, makes the stomach believe. (71) For a war story to be a true war story, the reader should be able to feel the story inside of them. The reader should react as if the experience the writer went through happened to them. Tim O’Brien expresses his writing in story truth. Tim O’Brien states â€Å"I want you to feel what I felt. I want you to know why story-truth is truer sometimes than happening-truth. †(179) Story-truth is sometimes truer than happening-truth because story-truth gives the reader the chance to feel the story. Happening-truth generalizes the story, which makes the reader just listen. One has to feel the war story to believe the war story. By the reader believing the war story, it becomes the truth to the reader. Story-truth is more relevant than happening-truth because it doesn’t matter if the story is true or not, what you feel is true. What the writer sees automatically becomes an interpretation. A writer never can tell a story exactly the way it occurred, because one never saw the whole story as it happened. When telling a war story altering the happening truth gives the reader and understanding of what it felt like to be in a war. Tim O’Brien wants to take all the emotions the veterans felt and give them to the reader. .

Two Contrasting Organizations Tesco And Oxfam Commerce Essay Example For Students

Two Contrasting Organizations Tesco And Oxfam Commerce Essay Tesco is a shopping marketplace where we can buy our indispensable things. It can besides be define as a planetary food market and general selling seller headquartered in UK. Sir Jack Cohen founded Tesco in 1919, when he began to sell excess nutrient material from a stall in the East End of London. Tesco foremost appeared above a store in Edgware in 1929 and since so the company has grown and developed. Tesco is the 3rd largest retail merchant in the universe measured by income Tesco private limited corporation ( PLC ) is the biggest ace marketplace in UK which has 29 % of portions in market compared to other companies like asda which has 17 % portions in market. PLC private limited company and do nt let its portions for sale publicly. Plc company makes net income more than public companies. A Plc company has no bounds of portion and portion capital and there is no bound to the members liability because there is no restriction on members liability We will write a custom essay on Two Contrasting Organizations Tesco And Oxfam Commerce specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Purpose of Tesco is to do money and invest and sale quality merchandises. And supply dependable stuffs to consumers. Why do Tesco be? Tesco exist to supply the goods and services that people and gaining money and net incomes from concern.it provides occupations for people the Tesco provides daily need merchandises. Merchandises that clients demand like nutrient, apparels, Home electircs, Sound and vision, Bed and bath, Furniture and kitchen, Clothing and jewelry, Toys and gift, Baby and yearlings, Garden needs. Merchandises and services supplied at net income, at cost and below cost. Tesco is acquiring net income by presenting new trade names and besides selling goods at lease.tehy are acquiring net income on merchandises by providing them to other states and at whole sale. They can sell merchandises by presenting off bundles to clients at low monetary values for a specific continuance which means to do them as a regular clients to derive net income in future. And besides out of seasons sale which shows selling at low cost. Aims of TESCO are as tesco is UK s finest nutrient retail merchants holding 519 shops in England, Wales, and Scotland. And 105 shops in France managed by wine manufacturer and 44 in Hungary managed by international. Tesco offers best sensible monetary values. Tesco meets the demand of clients sentiments sing progress merchandise quality, pick, shop installations and service Tesco is the chief profitable investing with progressive return. Tesco is presenting immature endowments and sound direction of workers and preparation patterns and giving occupation on marit footing non by personal relations.Tesco keeping its relationships with merchandise shaper s provider on quality and monetary value standards. Tesco is co runing on doing of nutrient in industry. besides Supplying good environment and protection. Ownership can be defined as Employee or executive who has the rule duty for a concern, or project The public sector in this type of ownership merely British people can acquire ownership in Tesco to derive net income. Exclusive Traders controlled and financed by one individual. Least expensive signifier of ownership to form. Exclusive owners receive all income generated by the concern to maintain or reinvest. Partnerships contains 2 -20 members who portion their assets and net incomes from concern. Public Limited Companies ( PLCs ) portions to the general populace it contains Minimum of 2 but no maximal figure of stockholders Private Limited Companies contains financed and controlled by between 2 and 50 stockholders. Franchises.A concern which has bought the right to merchandise under established name in different cities.e.g McDonalds, KFC. Co-operatives it contains Groups of people who enter concern and portion the benefits clients Co-operatives, Producer Co-operatives, Worker Co-operatives. Charitable trust for assisting dearths and roll up financess from rich.and besides receives financess from GOVT. OXFAM It is a problem stand-in organisation which includes 14 states organisation with 3,000 spouses in around 100 states to diminish poorness and unfairness.It can be define as an International organisation which helps and supply preparation and fiscal assistance to people in developing states and catastrophe countries. A UK based organisation which was established in the 1942. Oxfam is runs, development plan and exigency response by co operation of internationally connected associations. Oxfam international was formed in 1995 by an independent non authorities organisation. Development Plants with local spouse organisation And helps hapless and poorness. And recognizing Peoples Their rights e.g. instruction, wellness Outline1 Emergency2 Campaigning3 TESCO Stakeholder4 Stakeholders of Oxfam5 FUNCTIONAL AREA OF TESCO6 FUNCTIONAL AREA OF OXFAM7 Tesco Mission and values8 Smart aims of Tesco9 OXFAM Mission Emergency Oxfam provides life salvaging AIDSs during Emergency and aid people for Future Crisiss Campaigning Puting the force per unit area on leaders to do long lasting alteration Oxfam International is group of 13 independent association contains Germany Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, , Great Britain, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Ireland, The Netherlands, Quebec, Spain and the United States. Why Oxfam exist? Oxfam exists to do a planetary impact on the causes of poorness. Today largely states countries are confronting jobs and Oxfam is the most efficient organisation to assist them. Campaign initiatives, be aftering and seting into pattern new tactics and schemes to distribute clime change.oxfam is seeking to do relationships globally with international NGOs to develop prosperity. Aims of OXFAM: Relieve agony caused by natural disasters.Oxfam supports peace and apprehension based upon common tolerance and regard. Strengthen people s capacity to assist them. Oxfam works for trade justness, just trade, instruction and assistance, wellness, HIV/AIDS, struggle, candidacy and natural catastrophes, human rights, and clime alteration. Oxfam s International intent. The chief intents of Oxfam are Promote, aid and manage relationship between the Oxfam international to make assist all disasterd people globall.and gaining name at international degree And taking poorness OXFAM has its commission in different states which are as under Oxfam GB ( Great Britain ) .Oxfam Canada.Oxfam America. .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe , .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe .postImageUrl , .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe , .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe:hover , .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe:visited , .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe:active { border:0!important; } .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe:active , .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u739d9caed9bbf6de5c92e71ee40dffbe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Journey of Thousand Miles Starts with Single Step EssayOxfam GB ( Great Britain ) independent non-profit organisation is the biggest household for aid and has big capacity of workers and income for dearths. In UK OXFAM GB was originated in 1942. Oxfam Canada is first member of Oxfam International, and was developed in 1963.in at start Canada Oxfam faced problems shortly Canada began to analyze its function in the development procedure. OXFAM in AMERICA an independent non-profit organisation was developed in America in 1970 and fight for independency and shelter. Advantages of Oxfam are they do nt hold to pay revenue enhancement. they get ready to assist other. they receive money from man of affairs and Government. TESCO Stakeholder Stakeholder can be defined as a individual, group or organisation that has direct and indirect place in organisation. It is affected by organisation s regulations, constabularies and determinations. Tesco has many stakeholders. Government, Customers, Employees, Local Community, Suppliers, and Pressure Groups: they all have equal importance in edifice of Tesco Customers. Normally a client wants choice goods at a low cost. They would besides desire a assortment of merchandises to take from cardinal holders Diagram of stakeholder in organisation Supplier Owners Government Creditors Customer Directors Workers Community Unions Cardinal stakeholders in a concern organisation Customers. These are the people who buy merchandises from stores and to salvage lives of destitute people. Customers want dependable merchandises and at low monetary values. Employees it s how you manage in any state of affairs ; understand the client ; be foremost with the client use your strength to present unbeatable value and expression after the staff so they can look after the client, teamwork trust and regard. Directors they are responsible for concern aims and pull offing all strategic determinations.director holds treatment at board meetings. Where they make scheme for bettering concern, Directors they are responsible for obtaining ends making ambiance of work among workers, each director has grips accounting, jurisprudence selling, and gross revenues production. Suppliers they supply merchandises at commercial degree like banking.they supply goods to different subdivisions. Owners they are the concern, assets holder, and pay the workers. Pressure groups non put up campaigners for election, but seeks to act upon authorities policy regulations. Trade brotherhood s map is discuss wage and working conditions and creates discipline among workers Employee Associations they set up wage bundles and employees for deciding statement. Stakeholders of Oxfam Stakeholder can be defined as a individual, group or organisation that has direct and indirect place in organisation. It is affected by organisation s regulations, constabularies and determinations. Volunteers they are the workers who help in edifice Oxfam s strength. Volunteering is a personal Choice, non a mandatory occupation. Express values in activities that are meaningful. And co operates for assisting in medical specialty, instruction, or exigency deliverance. Campaign protagonists The Individuals, famous persons, politicians and organisations across the tally run for roll uping financess and to take illiteracy and poorness. Individual givers this types of givers can do determinations faster, they largely work in under developed states to do them turning states, and experience this easy to work entirely. Donate personally money, apparels for taking poorness. Customers are the chief participant in organisation. They help by purchasing nutrient, drinks, and besides assist organisation by used drink bottles and negligees for recycling and do aggregation for Oxfam. Without their engagement it is non possible roll uping money for Oxfam. Employees they are workers of Oxfam and work in inundation relieving, nutrient readying, palcing people in save topographic points when they get infected. Pressure groups they help in protesting if Government is non funding properly.ank manage work stoppage on roads, institutes, citations and promote people for infected s aid from Govt. FUNCTIONAL AREA OF TESCO Board of Directors Finance section Marketing gross revenues section Production section Finance director Accountant Selling director Area gross revenues director Gross saless staff Production director Production supervisor Production workers Human resource section Human resource director Clerical helper ICT section Board of managers people are the people of tesco who have decision-making rights, voting rights particular duties which in each instance are separate and distinguishable from the authorization and duties of proprietors and directors of the concern entity. Finance section is responsible of balance sheets, net income and loss of tesco and responsible to maintain records of fund and all planning of Tesco fiscal income and loss. Finance director responsibilities are to do investing sheets, fiscal studies, activities, and implement hard currency direction schemes. Accountant helps directors to do studies, investings ( nest eggs ) , and revenue enhancement executions. Handles net income loss inside informations, cost production, fiscal statements. Marketing gross revenues section map is to understand user s demands and fulfil demands with quality of goods and besides pay attending to their demands and fulfil that right. Gross saless director gross revenues out merchandises and supply services to the client for the net income and want to go finest retail merchant. They ake merchandises available for all clients. Production Tesco is to do certain that the goods of Tesco are formed on clip and is in a suited quality for the clients. And maintain furniture. Production director s responsibility is to manage all sort of goods readying demands and continuance when merchandise will acquire ready for clients and at given clip and at exact clip and criterion. Production workers made goods harmonizing to the user demands and works precisely in unvarying manner. They have to cognize all about what client wants and what sort of stuff should utilize. Human resources keep clasp of good experient staff and merely take hardworking employees and They deal with the enlisting, employees, planning, preparation and paying to employees. ICT ( International Computers and Tabulators ) its chief map is to look into that all informations of Tesco is stored decently. All computing machine package are working, all concern web sites are accessing. ( tescopls.com ) .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2 , .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2 .postImageUrl , .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2 , .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2:hover , .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2:visited , .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2:active { border:0!important; } .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2:active , .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2 .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u065694885c062dc56d24b80f8a5d28f2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Your sister is a part of your essential self, an eternal presence of your heart and soul and memory EssayFUNCTIONAL AREA OF OXFAM Oxfam embassadors Political counselors Deputy Chief of mission Defense mechanism attached Economic counselor Public personal businesss Chief security helper Administrative counselor Director Counsellor office Agency representatives Director Peace Corps Ambassadors are the extremely graded representative within a state for other organisation. and straight linked by Government. Political counsellors/ Deputy Chief of mission/ Defence attached they all are straight attached with embassador an communicate all society job with each other and do determinations Director is a group of people nominated by the proprietors of a concern who have decision-making authorization, voting authorization particular duties which in each instance is separate and distinguishable from the authorization and duties of proprietors and directors of the concern entity Deputy Chief of missionHe or she acts like a embassador in absence of head of mission. He handles affair in absence of head of mission Political, Economic, Public Affairs, Management ) at the Embassy, . Director Peace Corps US company that sends American voluntaries to developing states for educational, agricultural betterments. Tesco Mission and values Planning, ciphering and the passing of information signifier challenger is called mission. Tesco s mission is to gain net income and sale pure goods. And to sale goods online by utilizing website tesco.com and public dealing in good mode to do regular clients and make significance for clients to gain their life-time dependability. Valuess Valuess of an organisation defines it criterions. They show Respect to each others Try to give their best. Desire to be energetic and fit. Tesco schemes to go are successful international bargainer, to go celebrated concern party. To be good nutrient supplier to set community at the bosom of what we do. Aims Tesco increasing clients by offering purchase 1 gets 1 free. Tesco offers best sensible monetary values. Tesco meets the demand of clients sentiments sing progress, merchandise quality, pick, shop installations and service Tesco is the chief profitable investing with progressive return. Tesco is presenting immature endowments and sound direction of workers and preparation patterns and giving occupation on merit footing non by personal dealingss. Tesco keeping its relationships with provider ( merchandise shapers ) on rigorous quality and monetary value criteria.Tesco is co runing on doing of nutrient in industry. Provides good environment and protection Strategic Planning Tesco is seeking to do shopping easy and comfy. Seeking to low monetary value to assist people Lessing monetary values. Smart aims of Tesco Specific Tesco wants to do net income its sale. Measurable Tesco is taking in concern by its major portions in market. Accomplishable Tesco achieve its end by increasing its clients and doing net incomes. Tesco has achieved it by good quality merchandises. Realistic Tesco is 3rd large company in universe. OXFAM Mission It acts for attitudinal alteration to ease in development, socially and economically. It helps famine and giving life to them. Valuess satisfactory behaviour within organisation. Behavior of persons within the organisation. And Flexible committedness. Use clip and resources expeditiously Strategic purposes and aims Oxfam works for trade justness, just trade, instruction and assistance, wellness, HIV/AIDS, struggle, candidacy and natural catastrophes, human rights, and clime alteration. and back uping kids by educating them and supplying nutrient. Oxfam strategic planning procedure Oxfam is universe s 3rd largest non-profit-making organisation and Oxfam strategic planning procedure is to works for the remotion of poorness. To contend homelessness and besides for the development of undeveloped country and for advancement of organisation. Smart aims of Oxfam Specific Reducing Poverty is specific aim. Measurable Oxfam is reacting to 26 exigency state of affairss worldwide. Relevant accomplishments Oxfam is happening people who have accomplishments to undertake jobs. Time-based Oxfam includes 14 states brotherhood working in more than 100 states. M1 Point of Views of different stakeholders Directors the concern through meetings with top directors and pull offing stretegies for advancement of tesco.Employees should work hard on doing good quality merchandises that will do net income and besides increase wage and conditions of Employees and besides helpful for safety, wellness and pension agreements. Customer s positions are to acquiring latest trade names and salvaging by low monetary value merchandises. D1 Evaluate the influence different stakeholders exert in one organisation Stakeholders stand for great influence in organisation. Developing states employees make stylish apparels and trade names to exercise small power over their employer s to give them occupations and acquiring new merchandises. Owners are the organisation s chief stakeholders and addition net income and pays all measures and rewards to workers and remain profit portions with stockholders managers pay attending to do scheme and determinations sing organisation Government influences by jurisprudence rights to alter behavior of environmental or wellness and safety. Employees exert chief function in concern net income or loss. When the economic system is active they work difficult and do excess merchandises. Customers besides create great influence within an organisation by buying merchandises from shop or online at low monetary values. Decision I was given an Assignment of two contrasting organisations Tesco and Oxfam. I found that both organisations are functioning better in their sections and both are for people. in both organisations interest holder are more of import participant because if you do nt hold excessively many interest holder and your profitable and non profitable organisations will non win in their missions. Recommendations I would wish to urge the both different organisation one is net income deriving Tesco and not-for-profits deriving Oxfam have good client connexion because Oxfam is an international charity which is focused on contending poorness and supplying them shelter.and Tesco is supplying day-to-day demands merchandises for clients and besides supplying financess to Oxfoam so that they can take part in diminishing poorness. So both dramas of import function for clients.

Free Essays on Disney Co

Euro Disney’ marketer’s before entering a market as in this case has been the European market should have scanned the environment. By scanning the environment they should analyze the mega-environment as well as the task environment for possible opportunities and threats . Yet, a close attention could have been paid to their strength and weaknesses inside the company. Indeed, the consideration about any trends should have been incorporated in their environment analysis. In this case there has been a recognition of a trend, which is the trend of people going to theme parks during the weekends for entertainment of them as well as their children. Also here is an existing need for entertainment of this kind. Therefore, an opportunity exists in the European market that Euro Disney could have taken advantage of. However, their failure to pick up signals from the macro environment and microenvironment as well as to position their product accordingly, had negative effects on their operations. A further analysis of their macro and micro environment highlights their malfunction. MACRO ENVIRONMENT (P.E.S.T) The components of the macro environment are the political-legal environment, the economic environment, the socio-cultural environment, and the technological environment in which Euro Disney operates. Political-legal environment: Euro Disney’s decision to open its Theme Park near Paris has caused a negative publicity in the sight of many French politicians. In fact, they have objected the existence of Theme Parks in the center of their French culture since the park has been viewed as a visible symbol of the U.S. culture. Although Euro Disney marketers probably choose this location, in particularly France, due to the fact that is the center of Europe and could most probably be the most convenient place for people to arrive and settle in their hotel to be entertained. For instance, people from all over Europe could travel quickly t... Free Essays on Disney Co Free Essays on Disney Co Euro Disney’ marketer’s before entering a market as in this case has been the European market should have scanned the environment. By scanning the environment they should analyze the mega-environment as well as the task environment for possible opportunities and threats . Yet, a close attention could have been paid to their strength and weaknesses inside the company. Indeed, the consideration about any trends should have been incorporated in their environment analysis. In this case there has been a recognition of a trend, which is the trend of people going to theme parks during the weekends for entertainment of them as well as their children. Also here is an existing need for entertainment of this kind. Therefore, an opportunity exists in the European market that Euro Disney could have taken advantage of. However, their failure to pick up signals from the macro environment and microenvironment as well as to position their product accordingly, had negative effects on their operations. A further analysis of their macro and micro environment highlights their malfunction. MACRO ENVIRONMENT (P.E.S.T) The components of the macro environment are the political-legal environment, the economic environment, the socio-cultural environment, and the technological environment in which Euro Disney operates. Political-legal environment: Euro Disney’s decision to open its Theme Park near Paris has caused a negative publicity in the sight of many French politicians. In fact, they have objected the existence of Theme Parks in the center of their French culture since the park has been viewed as a visible symbol of the U.S. culture. Although Euro Disney marketers probably choose this location, in particularly France, due to the fact that is the center of Europe and could most probably be the most convenient place for people to arrive and settle in their hotel to be entertained. For instance, people from all over Europe could travel quickly t...

9 Steps to Take During Your Job Search

9 Steps to Take During Your Job Search No matter why you’re looking for a job, you can get started on any of these nine steps immediately and feel more proactive and prepared. Blitz through them fast and you’ll be well on your way. 1. Update your resumeYou know you need to. Set aside an hour and update that thing. Make sure the formatting is clean, professional and uniform, then get ready to send it out.2. Reach outEven if you’re not sure what you want to do next, or how to go about it, engage your network. Ask for advice and suggestions. Chances are someone has a great idea or opportunity for you. All you need to do is ask.3. Take a quizIt never hurts to reevaluate, especially if you think it might be time to try a new career. Take an online career quiz like this one to make sure you’re going in the right direction for your skills and tastes.4. Ask up the ladderDon’t be shy to reach out to someone above your station, so to speak, whom you admire. People love to be asked for advice. The worst-case scenario? They’ll say no. The best? They might not have realized they had the perfect opportunity just waiting for someone like you to come along.5. Get organizedWhen you get heavy into your search, you’ll have resumes going out and correspondence coming in like mad. Take a breather to set up an organizational system to serve you smoothly throughout the process. You’ll be glad you did.6. Give yourself a digital makeoverGo ahead and Google yourself. Make sure your social media accounts reflect the best and most professional, hirable version of the special snowflake that you are. Take down those drunken pictures from the Christmas party, or set your Facebook privacy settings to Friends Only. Shore up your online presence before the right person searches for you and gets the wrong impression.7. Tailor your cover letterDon’t just send out the same soulless form letter. Do your homework. Learn about the company and the job first, then tailor each co ver letter to match.8. Bone upStudy up on interview strategies and techniques so as not to feel the waves of panic when you get one!9. Hit the job boardsReady, get set, get a job!

Marketing in real world Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing in real world - Research Paper Example Marketing is all about achieving company’s objectives and becoming more effective than competitors in an industry through various means such as communicating customer value. Target market, marketers and what is being marketed are the most important elements that comprise marketing. It can also be said that marketing is a social process that ensures persons and groups satisfaction via creation and exchange of goods and value with others (Burrow & Bosiljevac, 2009). There are several activities that re involved in marketing that can make customer buy a particular product or service. For instance, a company may decide to design their products in a way that it looks desirable to a client through market research and pricing. Also a company may lower price of their products and let their customers learn about the price change as well as making the product available to the potential customers (Silk, 2006). Additionally, it should be noted that marketing finds, anticipates and satisfi es buyers competently and gainfully. Marketing entails clear understanding, creation as well as delivery of profitable value to the target market in a way that is superior to competitors’ style. ... However, these business organizations can also adapt other short-term marketing strategies, which are focused to cope with the level of competition in the market. These types of marketing strategies are of great importance as the prime goal of any business is to maximize profit and ensure survival in any business environment. Marketing just like any other business function has really improved due to technological changes (Sheth & Sisodia, 2006). The internet has been the greatest revolution in the modern era for many business owners. It has contributed tremendously for most changes in the way business is done in the global market. Most businesses are using the internet as an effective and efficient way to reach out to many customers. Most businesses are now using the internet to not only advertise, but also to communicate with customers thus boosting their sales. An area that has experienced great change due to internet revolution is advertising (Burrow & Bosiljevac, 2009). The inter net is able to provide specific advertisements to target internet users through advertising such as through AdSence managed by Google. Companies have also changed from subscription service advertising to free content advertising in a move aimed at achieving huge numbers of targeted audiences. In addition, sales and marketing through the internet has promoted transparency in the way businesses conduct their activities. Transparency has now been adopted as a new selling and marketing strategy (Silk, 2006). Furthermore social media marketing is gaining website interchange or awareness via twitter, face book, and blogging. Social media marketing programs more often than not strive to

Art Scavenger Hunt Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art Scavenger Hunt Analysis - Essay Example The contemporary aboriginal people believe that these rock paintings were made by their ancient spirit ancestors, who are primarily credited with configuring the sacred laws as per which the aboriginal societies have been running and managing their affairs since centuries (Buehler 56). The ancient aborigines used a variety of natural media like water and red ochre to make these rock paintings (Buehler 56). They made these paintings either by blowing the natural pigments from their mouth on a variety of objects or by using brushes made by chewing twigs (Buehler 56). On the basis of whatever information that can be solicited from the contemporary Australian aboriginal people and can be drawn from the research undertaken by the historians and anthropologists, it would be quiet true to say that the painting under consideration and many of the other aboriginal rock paintings like it were primarily made to fulfill some important spiritual and religious purpose in the ancient aboriginal soc ieties (Buehler 57). These paintings were not merely works of art but also carried ample spiritual and religious significance. ... This painting and the other rock paintings like it included within their ambit varied levels of associated with the aboriginal spirituality. Perhaps, just as it is in the later day art galleries, the aborigines drew these paintings on the cave rocks to protect them from the ravages of time, so as to pass them safely to the future generations. The particular rock painting is a worthy example of the prehistoric aboriginal art and depicts apt usage of the principle and elements of design. This rock painting is well balanced in the sense that the artist has used a somewhat leaner figure placed at the edge of the rock surface to balance albeit rotund figure placed at the centre. The painting is evidently that of a couple and the artist has specifically introduced variation in the delineation of two figures in the painting to generate interest and attention. The gradation of the ocher color, being dark in the centre, to being lighter on the peripheral parts gives way to an aerial perspecti ve, which must have got accentuated by the natural light falling on the painting. The discernable horizontal direction of the brush strokes in the painting conveys an aura of calmness and stability. The size of the two figures in the painting is suitably proportionate to the rock surface constituting the background. The corrugated texture of the figures in stark contrast to the smooth rock background is noteworthy. The subject of the painting most probably picked up from the daily life of the ancient aborigines is suitably depicted using horizontal lines and soft tonal contrasts. This painting certainly qualifies to be classified as a masterpiece of the

Hebrew Wisdom Essay Example for Free

Hebrew Wisdom Essay This is my introduction to describe the teachings of Hebrew wisdom on diligence and laziness and how does this correspond with the contrast between wisdom and folly? I first want to give the definition of each of the words that I will be addressing during this essay. Diligence means â€Å"the attention and care legally expected or required of a person†. Laziness means â€Å"resistant to work or exertion; slow-moving; sluggish†. Wisdom means â€Å"the ability to discern or judge what is true, right or lasting; insight:. Folly means â€Å"a lack of good sense, understanding, or foresight. Now that we have the definition of the important words that I will be focusing on, lets beginning the discussion of Hebrew wisdom regarding these attributes. The Book of Proverbs was written mostly by Solomon. Solomon asked God and received the wisdom of The Lord and Solomon teaches us about the importance of diligence and not being lazy. Solomon states in Proverbs 13:4 â€Å"The soul of a lazy man desires, and has nothing; But the soul of the diligent shall be made rich†. When we continually seek after wisdom it will enable us to not become lazy. If we continue to be diligent we reap the rewards by  obtaining the knowledge we need to help us in our daily walk and every aspect of our life. Solomon states in Proverbs 4:13 â€Å"Take firm hold of instruction, do not let go; keep her, for she is your life†. The Word of God is our foundation to live a diligent life. The Book of Proverbs emphasizes the fear of the Lord as the key to wisdom and knowledge. His wisdom is available to those of us who trust Him and keep His commandments (Proverbs 2:7-10). The Book of Proverbs gives you the lifestyle to follow, the life of diligence or the life of laziness. The choice is ours to make in what path we will follow. The lazy person is one that does not count up the costs, one that want something for nothing, one that will sleep during the day instead of working (Proverbs 13:4; 24:30). As believers we must understand the importance of being diligent and not lazy. We must apply the knowledge given to us through the Word of God and apply it to our lives so that we will not be as a folly person. Folly is one that is lead by the pleasure of this world. According to The Essence of the Old Testament â€Å"under the sun† indicates an earthly perspective, in other words, a life without God. In Proverbs 14, Solomon describes the difference between wisdom and folly. Solomon states that foolishness destroys his own, willfully avoids fearing the Lord, speaks words that are undependable and immature and the fool has no harvest for lack of spiritual strength. The fool leaves no room for accountability to God. Then in Proverbs 15, Solomon speaks of the wise person. He will build his own, maintain integrity because of the fear of the Lord, he produces a harvest, he tells the truth, he maintains a teach spirit and finds gracious favor from the Lord. In my conclusion, I will sum up the teaching of the Hebrew wisdom. We have a choice to obtain wisdom and be diligent or be foolish and lazy. Our reward will be greater if we choose to follow God and use the wisdom that God has given us and be diligent in everything that we do for God so that we will not be like the foolish person and head towards destruction due to self indulgence and doing and speaking evil against God. Those that have the wisdom and diligent, need to be careful that they do not rejoice when their enemy falls (Proverbs 24:17). As stated in Ecclesiastes 12:13, Fear God and keep His commandments, For this is man’s all. Let’s all seek to be like Solomon and ask God for wisdom, daily so that we can do and say those things that are pleasing to our Heavenly Father. Wisdom is meant to be applied, not just studied or memorized (The Essence of the Old Testament). BIBLIOGRAPHY Edward Hindson and Gary Yates,,The Essence of the Old Testament: A Survey, Nashville, 2012 Broadman Holman Publishers, The Holy Bible, New King James Version, Nashville, 1996 Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition principal copyright 1993

Sexism in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Othello: the Unquestionable Sexism  Ã‚        Ã‚   Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello features sexism as regular fare – initially from Brabantio and Iago, and finally from Othello. Let us in this essay explore the occurrences and severity of sexism in the drama.    In â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello† Valerie Wayne implicates Iago in sexism. He is one who is almost incapable of any other perspective on women than a sexist one:    Iago’s worry that he cannot do what Desdemona asks implies that his dispraise of women was candid and easily produced, while the praise requires labour and inspiration from a source beyond himself. His insufficiency is more surprising because elsewhere in the play Iago appears as a master rhetorician, but as Bloch explains, ‘the misogynistic writer uses rhetoric as a means of renouncing it, and, by extension, woman.’ (163)    Even the noble general yielded to the sexist remarks and insinuations of his ancient, thus developing a reprehensible attitude toward his lovely and faithful wife. Angela Pitt in â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies† comments on the Moor’s sexist treatment of Desdemona:    Desdemona has, therefore, some quite serious faults as a wife, including a will of her own, which was evident even before she was married. This does not mean that she merits the terrible accusations flung at her by Othello, nor does she in any way deserve her death, but she is partly responsible for the tragic action of the play. Othello’s behavior and mounting jealousy are made more comprehensible if we remember what Elizabethan husbands might expect of their wives. (45)    In the opening scene, while Iago is expressing his hatred for the general Othello for his selection... ...reason to the same extent, or even greater than, men; and that men are passion-driven moreso than are women. The tables are turned on sexism at the very climax of the drama!    WORKS CITED       Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985.    Pitt, Angela. â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wayne, Valerie. â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello.† The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.

The Story of the Good Brahman

The Story of the Good Brahmas Based on my basic knowledge about Indian society, Brahmins hold the highest status in Indian's caste system. I perceive that the story will be similar to bible stories like, the good shepherd. However, what I encountered in reading the selection is a Brahmas, specifically, a confused Brahmas who Is not happy with his life. The Brahmas who Is a philosopher himself, constantly questions his existence, his essence, and his wit.He had all the luxuries, the wealth, and three beautiful wives but he is not happy with all f those. On the first look, he is much blessed compared to his neighbor who is very poor and imprudent. But his neighbor, the old woman is happy with her life. There goes the story of the old woman, who has nothing. She has no wealth, no knowledge, and no problem. She Just had enough faith In Vishnu and the Ganges River to wash herself every day. It seems that the old woman Is contented with her life even though she can see the glamorous living of her Brahmas neighbor.When the Brahmas was asked if he wanted to give up his wealth and knowledge for him to be happy, he effused as he doesn't want to be in the same condition as the old woman. He thought and believes that being means one has to be imbecile. After hours of reflection and re-reading of the selection, I realized that the story doesn't go around the story of the Brahmas but of both him and the old lady. I think that the title of the story Is inappropriate because It Is not all about the Brahmas himself. He Is not even a â€Å"good† Brahmas for me.I don't see any reason why the author should call him a good Brahmas. Yes, he is honest with himself and does not deceive anyone. But with all the blessings in his life, he doesn't know how to be contented. In the class discussion, the real reason why the old woman is much happier than the Brahmas was revealed. The reason was Ignorance. It served as a prison, a box for the old woman from questioning everything. She Is confined with her poor life without asking why she Is poor while the Brahmas Is rich. She decides to be Ignorant and be content with what she has.This box of ignorance made the old woman happy as she is not aware of what is happening in the society. This made her contented. Because of her ignorance, the woman is in Nirvana. On the other hand, the old witty Philosopher, have so much wealth but so much problem in his life. He is not contented with his life. Because of his wide knowledge, he also has more questions which could only give him problems In his life. If I were to choose whether to be the Brahmas or the old woman, I prefer to be the old woman in the case that she has peace of mind in her heart. But will not criticize or hate the Brahmas.I truly believe that we can be a pappy creature and at the same time reason out. Why would I be bothered and be problematic by the things that I cannot change and the things that I might never know? Also, If there's a means on changing my state by working hard, then I won't give up. I enjoy talking about many things with my friends. There are a lot of things that opinions and beliefs. Reasoning out doesn't mean that we have to be unhappy. It is a matter of perspective and each of us has a different level of contentment. For me, the greatest pursuit of all mankind is happiness.

Abstract Art Development

If you take a look at the paintings, you will see that they are abstract. In fact, they are painted in a style that is sometimes referred to as â€Å"Abstract Expressionism†. Many people have trouble understanding and appreciating this type of art. The purpose of this essay is to explain how, over time, art has evolved to become more and more abstract, and why this is important. My intention is to explain the goals of abstract art, and to help you learn how to enjoy it. To begin, I'd like to introduce you to the idea that, broadly speaking, there are two types of paintings: representational and abstract.We call a painting â€Å"representational† if it portrays specific, recognizable physical objects. In some cases, the representational paintings look true to life, almost like a photograph. For example, consider the following painting by Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch, 1606-1669). This painting is called â€Å"The Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp†, and was painted in 1632. â€Å"The Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp† [1632] by Rembrandt van Rijn. Display a larger picture of this painting. When you look at this painting, it is easy to recognize what you are looking at.There are eight men wearing funny-looking clothing (actually, the style of clothing worn in 17th century Holland), and on a table in front of the men lies a dead man, whose arm is being dissected. It is easy to identify all the objects in the painting, as well as the overall meaning of the painting. (You are looking at an anatomy demonstration. ) Not all representational paintings are so realistic. For example, Paul Cezanne (French, 1839-1906) created some beautiful paintings of fruit. Take a look at this one, â€Å"Apples, Peaches, Pears, and Grapes†, which Cezanne painted from 1879-1880 Apples, Peaches, Pears and Grapes† [1879-1880] by Paul Cezanne. Display a larger picture of this painting. Obviously, this painting is more abstract than the previous one. Still, what you are looking at is representational. The objects in the Cezanne painting may not be as realistic as the ones in the Rembrandt — there is no way you would mistake the Cezanne painting for a photograph — but it is easy to recognize that you are looking at various types of fruit in a bowl. When you look at a representational painting, you get an immediate feeling as to whether or not you like the painting.For example, take another look at the previous two paintings and compare what you feel when you look at the anatomy lesson with what you feel when you look at the bowl of fruit. Abstract paintings are different. They have designs, shapes or colors that do not look like specific physical objects. As such, abstract paintings are a lot harder to understand than representational paintings. Indeed, when you look at an abstract painting, you often have no idea what it is you are actually seeing. Let's see if we can make sense out of this.In general, there are t wo types of abstract paintings. The first type of abstract painting portrays objects that have been â€Å"abstracted† (taken) from nature. Although what you see may not look realistic, it is close enough that you can, at least, get an idea of what you are looking at. If you have ever seen any of the paintings of Claude Monet (French, 1840-1926), you will know what I mean. In 1899, Monet began to paint a series of paintings called â€Å"Water Lilies†. These paintings depict the garden at his house in Giverny, Normandy (in France).Although the objects in the paintings don't really look like lilies, or water, or clouds, they are close enough that you can get a feeling for what you are seeing. To see what I mean, take a look at this painting, â€Å"Water Lilies (The Clouds)†, which Monet painted in 1903. â€Å"Water Lilies (The Clouds)† [1903] by Claude Monet. Display a larger picture of this painting. A second type of abstract painting, sometimes referred to as â€Å"pure† abstract art, is even more obtuse. Such paintings do not reflect any form of conventional reality: all you see are shapes, colors, lines, patterns, and so on.Here, for example, is one of my paintings, entitled â€Å"Blue #1†, which I painted in 2000. â€Å"Blue #1† [2000] by Harley Hahn. Display a larger picture of this painting. As you can see, nothing in this painting is recognizable. There are no people, fruit or even water lilies. When you look at such art, it is natural to wonder why anyone would bother to create such paintings in the first place. What could the artist possibly have in mind? In some cases, the design itself might be pleasing to the eye, and we might look upon the painting as nothing more than a decoration.Most of the time, however, this is not the case. Indeed, a great deal of abstract art is not particularly pleasing to the eye. Moreover, why would an artist spend so much time creating a mere decoration? There must be somet hing more to it. The truth is, yes, there is a lot more to abstract art than what meets the eye, and to see why, we have to consider the basic purpose of art. To truly appreciate a work of art, you need to see it as more than a single, isolated creation: there must be context. This is because art is not timeless.Every painting is created within a particular environment, and if you do not understand that environment, you will never be able to appreciate what the artist has to offer you. This is why, when you study the work of a particular artist, it makes sense to learn something about his life and the culture in which he lived. Although the qualities of a painting depend on the skill and desires of the artist, a great deal of what you see on the canvas reflects the environment in which the art was created. As an example, take a look at the following two paintings.The painting on the right, the well-known Mona Lisa, was painted from 1503-1506 by Leonardo da Vinci (Italian, 1452-1519) . The painting on the left, a picture of Princess Diana, was painted in 1982 by Andy Warhol (American, 1928-1987). Both are portraits of a woman, and both were produced by highly skilled artists who used similar poses — but notice the striking differences in style. â€Å"Princess Diana† [1982] by Andy Warhol. Display a larger picture of this painting. â€Å"Mona Lisa† [1503-1506] by Leonardo da Vinci. Display a larger picture of this painting.If you study the lives of da Vinci and Warhol, you will find that there were — as you might well imagine — significant personal differences between the two men. These differences, however, do not account for the vast dissimilarity in painting styles. When you compare these two paintings, what you are seeing, more than anything else, are cultural differences. When an artist creates, he is strongly influenced by the times in which he lives and, no matter how innovative he might be as a person, he cannot complete ly escape the boundaries of his culture.As you study the history of art, you see that, at any particular place and time, there is always a dominant â€Å"school† of art that defines the prevailing artistic culture. Most artists of the time work within the norms of that culture. A few artists, however — the visionaries and the experimenters — break new ground and, as they do, they encounter tremendous resistance from people who don't understand the â€Å"new† style of art. However, it is from the work of these innovators that art evolves. So how does this pertain to abstract art? Until the end of the 19th century, virtually all painting was representational.Artists painted pictures that were straightforward, and people looked at those paintings for one reason: to see the particular images that were depicted. At first, this idea sounds so obvious as to hardly be worth stating. Why else would you look at paintings, if not to see the images? However, as I wil l explain, there are other, more compelling reasons to look at a painting. Indeed, it is possible to experience a painting in such a way that you go beyond what you see, in order to find out what you might feel. In the early 1870s, a movement arose in France that began to introduce abstraction into serious art.This movement, called Impressionism, produced works of art that, for the first time, did not consist wholly of realistic images. The original goal of the Impressionists was conceptually simple: they wanted to depict nature as it really existed. In particular, they labored to capture the ever-changing effects of light, as it changed throughout the day and from season to season. For example, the French painter Monet, whom I mentioned above, spent a lot of time creating series of paintings in which he painted the same subject at different times of the day.His goal was to show how the color and form of the subject changed from one hour to the next. Take a look at this painting of haystacks, created by Monet in 1890-1891. His goal was not to paint a simple image of a stack of hay, but rather to show the color and form of the haystacks at a particular time of day at the end of the summer. From Monet's point of view (I imagine), the painting was more of an exercise than a work of art. â€Å"Wheatstacks (End of Summer)† [1890-1891] by Claude Monet. Display a larger picture of this painting. Around the same time, another school of art, Neo-Impressionism, arose from the influence of Impressionism.The Neo-Impressionists used many small side-by-side dots to build up various shapes and colors. You can see this technique — which is known as â€Å"pointillism† — in the following painting, â€Å"A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte†, created in 1884-1886 by Georges Seurat (French, 1859-1891). â€Å"A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte† [1884-1886] by Georges Seurat. Display a larger picture of this painting. Finally, in the 1880s and 1890s, a disparate group of artists sought to move beyond Impressionism and its obsession with the changing effects of light.These artists, collectively known as the Post-Impressionists, created a wide range of striking and innovative paintings. Among the most important Post-Impressionists were Paul Cezanne (French, 1839-1906), whom I mentioned earlier, Paul Gauguin (French, 1848-1903) and Vincent van Gogh (Dutch, 1853-1890). When you look at Impressionist paintings, you will notice that, although they are generally soothing to the eye and calming to the spirit, they are, as a whole, quite boring. This is not the case with the Post-Impressionsts, as you can see by looking at the following two paintings. First, here is â€Å"Where Do We Come From?What Are We? Where Are We Going? â€Å", painted in 1897 by Gauguin. â€Å"Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? † [1897] by Paul Gauguin. Display a larger picture of this painti ng. Next, take a look at â€Å"Irises†, painted in 1889 by van Gogh. â€Å"Irises† [1889] by Vincent van Gogh. Display a larger picture of this painting. The last three decades of the 19th century were a time of two important — and distinct — transitions. First, as I have mentioned, there was a gradual change from representational art to abstract art. You can see this in the work of the Impressionists and Neo-Impressionists.The second change was more subtle, but far more important. With the work of the Post- Impressionists, the purpose of art itself had begun to change. For most of history, the primary purpose of painting had been to portray images, rather than to evoke feelings and emotions. Starting with the Post-Impressionists, however, the emphasis began to shift. For the first time, unconscious feelings began to find their way into mainstream art. What allowed this to happen was that the Impressionists had loosened the bonds, giving permission for pa inters to stray from their representational roots and become more abstract.To be sure, the Post-Impressionists were still quite literal in their work: when you look at the work of Cezanne or Gauguin or van Gogh, you do know what you are looking at. Indeed, at the beginning of this essay, I used one of Cezanne's paintings (â€Å"Apples, Peaches, Pears, and Grapes†) as an example of representational work. Still, the gradual shift to abstraction and the capturing of deep-seated emotion was real and far-reaching. The reason that this is so important is that most of human life exists unconsciously, below the surface of perception and beyond the reach of voluntary, purposeful thinking.Within this netherworld, lies the strong, untamed and irrational forces that give life to our being and definition to what it means to be human. Until the 20th century, artists had to be content with merely grazing the surface of consciousness. Try as they might, their ability to penetrate to the hear t of what it means to be human was limited by their tools. When the brain processes a recognizable image, a mental barrier is erected that prevents significant entry into the processes of the unconscious.Thus, representational art, by its very nature, imposes limits on how deeply an artist is able to insinuate him- or herself into the unconscious processes of the observer. However, with the coming of abstraction, artists had, for the first time, a powerful tool that would allow them to bypass literal perception and reach into this otherwise impenetrable world of unconscious emotion. This was possible because, the more abstract a work of art, the less preconceptions it evokes in the mind of the beholder. In the hands of a skillful practitioner, abstract art can be an extremely powerful tool.However, as I will explain in a moment, such tools require more than the skill of the artist, they require the cooperation of the observer. Before I get to this point, however, I'd like to continu e with a bit of history. By the beginning of the 20th century, the move towards abstraction had generated enormous possibility. Previously, painters — restricted by the conventions of representational art — had confined themselves to either imitating nature or telling stories. Now, for the first time, artists were able to enter a realm in which unbounded imagination was, not only possible, but desirable.Between 1910 and 1920, a new movement towards abstract art, both in painting and sculpture, arose in Europe and in North America. The first important abstract artist was Wassily Kandinsky (Russian, 1866-1944). During the years 1910 to 1914, Kandinsky created a series of paintings which he called â€Å"Improvisations and Compositions†. Even today, almost a century later, Kandinsky's work is striking in its ability to bypass our consciousness and stir our inner feelings. Take a look, for example, at one of my favorites, â€Å"Improvisation 7†, which Kandinsk y painted in 1910. â€Å"Improvisation 7† [1910] by Wassily Kandinsky.Display a larger picture of this painting. The work of Kandinsky was extremely influential, and helped to usher in an age in which a number of abstract movements were established, one after another: Cubism, Futurism, Vorticism, Neoplasticism, Dadaism, Surrealism, and so on. Rather than describe each of these movements in detail, I'd like to jump to what I consider to be the defining point of 20th century art: Abstract Expressionism. What we now call Abstract Expressionism emerged in New York in the early 1940s. It was not so much a well-defined school of art, as a way of thinking.The Abstract Expressionists made the final break from the rigid conventions of the past, by redefining what it meant to be an artist. In essence, they rebelled against what the rest of the art world judged to be acceptable. Although the idea of abstraction had been around for some time, the Abstract Expressionists went a lot furthe r. They began to emphasize, not only the finished product, but the actual process of painting. They experimented in how they interacted with the paint, the canvas, and their tools; and they paid attention to the physical qualities of the paint itself, its texture, color and shape.I realize this sounds vague and pretentious, so I will explain to you what it all means. Before I do, though, let's take a look at an Abstract Expressionist painting, so you can at least get a feeling for what I am talking about. The following painting was created in 1950 by Jackson Pollock (American, 1912-1956), a pioneer of what came to be called â€Å"action painting†. The painting was originally called â€Å"Number 1, 1950†, but at the suggestion of an art critic named Clement Greenberg, the painting was renamed â€Å"Lavender Mist† (although, there is actually no lavender in it). Lavender Mist† [1950] by Jackson Pollock. Display a larger picture of this painting. The name â⠂¬Å"action painting† was coined to describe the techniques used by Pollock. He would fasten large canvases to the floor of his studio, and then drip, fling, and spill paint on them. He often used regular house paint, because he preferred the way it flowed. Now, I understand that the first time you look at a picture like â€Å"Lavender Mist† you may see nothing more than a confusing array of disorganized lines and spots. â€Å"What,† I hear you say, â€Å"is this supposed to mean?How could anything so primitive and crude be considered to be great art? It looks like something a bored kid would do if he was left alone in an art studio with no supervision. † Before I explain why â€Å"Lavender Mist† is, indeed, great art, let me tell you a quick story. A few years ago, I decided to visit Washington, D. C. by myself. It was the middle of winter, and the city had been hit by a huge snowstorm. I was all alone, so I decided to walk to the National Gallery o f Art. The streets were virtually empty, and as I entered the museum, I could see that it too was empty.I asked the information person if they had anything by Jackson Pollock. She said yes, and gave me directions to the room in which his paintings and drawings were hung. I had heard of Pollock and seen photographs of his work, but I had never seen any of the paintings in person. I still remember the feeling I had when I descended the stairs, turned the corner, and looked at the wall. I was alone in a large room and, there on the far wall, was â€Å"Lavender Mist†. The effect it had on me was completely unexpected. It was the only time in my life when I can remember a painting, literally, taking my breath away.I know this will sound a bit sappy, but seeing that painting changed me forever. Looking at a Jackson Pollock painting for the first time. How could this be the case? You just looked at a picture of the same painting, and I doubt you felt as if you had been changed forev er. First, I should explain that the actual canvas is large, nearly 10 feet (3 meters) long. It is quite imposing when you see it in person, especially in a large empty room, where the painting seems to reach out, grab you and pull you towards it.Second, what you see in the picture above is nothing like the real thing. Not only is the picture on your screen much smaller than the actual painting, but the colors you see on a computer monitor are muted and inexact. Moreover, on a computer screen, you do not get a sense of the texture of the paint and the canvas. All of this you understand, I am sure. Everyone knows that viewing a real painting is a lot different from looking at a picture of the painting on a computer monitor (or on a projection screen in an art history class, for that matter).However, there is another reason why I was so moved by â€Å"Lavender Mist†, and it has to do with the very purpose of art. To discuss this, we have to consider the question, Why do we crea te art? There are a number of straightforward reasons why human beings create art: to make a decoration, to tell a story, to capture or preserve an image, or to illustrate an idea. However, there is another, more subtle, but far more important reason why art is important to us. The need to reach inside ourselves and manipulate our unconscious feelings is universal.We all do it to some degree, although most of the time we are blind to what we are doing. That is where art comes in. As I explained earlier, one of the purposes of art is to allow us indirect access to our inner psyche. Great art affords a way to get in touch with the unconscious part of our existence, even if we don't realize what we are doing. In this sense, the role of the artist is to create something that, when viewed by an observer, evokes unconscious feelings and emotions.The reason abstract art has the potential to be so powerful is that it keeps the conscious distractions to a minimum. When you look at, say, the apples and pears of Cezanne, your mental energy mostly goes to processing the images: the fruit, the plate, the table, and the background. However, when you look at â€Å"Lavender Mist†, you are not distracted by meaningful images, so virtually all of your brain power is devoted to feeling. You can open yourself, let in the energy and spirit of the painting, and allow it to dance with your psyche.Of course, this only works if you cooperate with the artist. His job is to create a painting that is rendered so skillfully that, when you look at it, what you see actually changes what you feel at an unconscious level. Your job is to clear your conscious mind of thoughts and preconceptions in order to allow yourself to be influenced by what you are seeing. This means that, if you are to truly appreciate a work of art, you must be willing to let yourself go, to put yourself in the hands of the artist, so to speak, and let him take you wherever he wants.Much of the time, this partners hip fails, sometimes because the artist is simply not skillful enough; often because the person looking at the painting does not know how to truly appreciate it. Now you can see why the advent of Abstract Expressionism was so important. For the first time in history, artists were creating abstract art so skillfully that it was able to penetrate quickly and powerfully into people's subconscious (at least some people, some of the time). Thus, it is possible to view the history of painting as a long evolutionary process, starting with the slow, labored development of tools and techniques.Eventually, after centuries of representationalism, the Impressionists began to shake off the long- standing restrictions, which led to the development of various schools of abstract art, culminating, in the 1940s, with Abstract Expressionism, the beginning of a new age of creation and human achievement. I'd like to introduce to you a few of the Abstract Expressionists, painters whose work was importan t to the evolutionary process that redefined what it meant to be an artist. One thing that you will see is that work of these painters varies greatly.This is because, as I have mentioned, Abstract Expressionism is not so much a school of painting as a way of approaching and experiencing the act of creation. I have already shown you â€Å"Lavender Mist† (1950) by Jackson Pollock. Here is one of Pollack's earlier paintings, â€Å"The Key†, which he created in 1946. â€Å"The Key† [1946] by Jackson Pollock. Display a larger picture of this painting. Next, I'd like to show you a painting by Arshile Gorky (Armenian-American, 1904-1948), whose work had significant influence at the time that Abstract Expressionism was emerging.This painting, called â€Å"One Year the Milkweed†, was created in 1944. â€Å"One Year the Milkweed† [1944] by Arshile Gorky. Display a larger picture of this painting. When you are just getting used to abstract art, you might wond er, just how good are these artists anyway? It doesn't look all that hard to fill a canvas with lines, and smears, and splotches. I can assure you that the best abstract painters are all highly skilled artists in their own right. For example, here is a charcoal sketch done by Gorky in 1938, called â€Å"The Artist's Mother†. It is actually an idealization of his mother, inspired by an old photograph. ) â€Å"The Artist's Mother† [1938] by Arshile Gorky. The next painting is by Franz Kline (American, 1910-1962). It is called â€Å"Painting Number 2†, and was created in 1954. â€Å"Painting Number 2† [1954] by Franz Kline. Display a larger picture of this painting. Finally, here is a painting by Mark Rothko (Russian-American, 1903-1970), entitled â€Å"White Center† and created in 1950. This painting is an example of what is called â€Å"Color Field† painting: an abstract image with large areas of undiluted color. â€Å"White Center† [1 950] by Mark Rothko.

Explain the distinction between transaction costs and other costs that occur in economic systems.

Explain the distinction between transaction costs and other costs that occur in economic systems. IntroductionThe economic importance of transaction costs in widely recognized. In modern economies, transaction costs have become equally (and perhaps more) important than production costs. Early economic theory focused entirely on production costs assuming that transaction costs did not exist. However, nowadays it has become relatively more sensible to do research in transaction cost rather than production cost.Naturally, there are four parts to the essay. The first part explains the definition of transaction cost. The following parts try to compare the difference with production costs and look at factors contribute to transaction costs. The last part is giving case on retail industry to analysis changes in transaction cost cause restructure such as vertical integration, multi-channel and so on. I would like to point out to possible problems with finding support for the conclusions reached in this paper.Main body1 Definition of transaction costTransaction cost has been described by Arrow as the costs of running the economic system but besides that no clear definition has been provided.English: Sample solvency cone in 2 dimensions with...Broadly speaking, Transaction Costs are all costs of organizing and facilitating exchanges. They are not incurred by firms only. We as individuals incur transaction costs, when we buy a packet of cigarettes from newsagent or purchase cinema tickets. They account for over one third of US economy and are even higher for less efficient economies.A number of kinds of transaction cost have come to be known by particular names. Search and information costs are costs such as those incurred in determining that the required good is available on the market, who has the lowest price, etc.. Bargaining costs are the costs required to come to an acceptable agreement with the other party to the transaction, drawing up an appropriate contract, etc.. Policing and enforcement costs are the costs of making...

Admission College Essay Prompts

Admission College Essay Prompts Admission College Essay Prompts What Is Admission College Essay Prompt? If you decided to enter any college, you should wait several weeks for packages/applications to arrive. In the meantime, the following material should be read: your entrance essay, the essay or college admission essays, which you wrote for your college applications should be held in a ready folder. Many of the scholarship groups will ask for an essay touching on topics you have already written or thought about, and hopefully (perhaps with a little reshaping), you can recycle your work. Typical admission essay questions are: What person in your individual life or in history has had the greatest influence on you? Why? What are your future goals, and what do you think what your eventual impact on society will be? Diversity Admission Essays Admission committee wants to know more about you. The one way to do this is to read your admission essays. As a rule entrance English essays are similar and addressed to know you better as a future applicant. You may always read the list of application essays, which were assigned in your college last year. It helps you to have an idea about the requirements of the college. Writing essays, your task is to distinguish yourself from the mass of applicants. Attract admission officer attention and persuade him, that you are an appropriate candidate. There are eight areas, which colleges typically want to address in application essays writing. Motivation Industry Initiative Influence and leadership Concern for others Responsibility Integrity Emotional stability Admission Essay Writing Here is a part of admission essay writing that you are free to use as a model for your college admissions essay: I will earn my M.D., and come to the rescue as a primary care doctor. My residency (and eventually my practice) will preferably be served in an urban setting like New York City, Philadelphia, or Washington, DC. Across this country, economically disadvantaged people need help and support. At the next step, I will expand my knowledge on urban health and community needs (e.g., family dynamics, or trends in drug use). In a few weeks, I will be off to Harvard as an Arthur Ashe Fellow. And with my eventual residency and four year responsibility to the National Health Service Corps, I intend to take advantage of every learning experience. After all, I am on a rescue mission! Read also: Essays comparing poems Critical Literary Essay Conflict Essay Process Essay Custom Term Paper

Cloud computing Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cloud computing - Thesis Example ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Immense credit for the study conducted on cloud computing basics and infrastructure goes to my Most Respectable teacher ________[Name of instructor]_____________. With utmost gratitude I humbly state my instructor helped me immensely throughout my study on ________________[name of course you have studied]__________ course in _________[Name of University]________. This thesis would have been incomplete without the critical assistance provided by them. The writers of the researches in pursued in order to compile a comprehensive study on Cloud Computing deserve utmost thanks as well as their enlightening works assisted me greatly and paved the way for me so that I could exercise to attempt the boundaries of knowledge with all my heart. Lastly, I express sheer gratitude for my parents, siblings and my extended family for providing their moral and financial assistance in the shaping up of this thesis. Aims and objectives The aims and objectives associated with the research report are to provide a comprehensive review of the current state of cloud computing.an introduction to recent phenomenon of cloud computing, which by some is stated to lead to death of personal computers as we know them today. It is for this purpose that a comprehensive study on cloud computing has been carried out keeping in account the intricacies that were possible at most. This was accompanies with the most important information that was up to date. Outline The report is aimed at writing a comprehensive narration of the core concepts of cloud computing. It is for the purpose mentioned above that the reports progresses as narrated in the outline below: I. Introduction: Thesis Statement: The revolutionizing and emerging concept of Cloud Computing is assessed for conceptuality and strength. II. Background. ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­ A. Conventional Pre-Cloud computing infrastructures and architectures would be introduced. B. The way cloud computing differed from conventional networks would be explained. III. Architecture. A. Technology A. Technologically advanced devices that lay down the basis of cloud computing have been explored. B. Master Slave approach operating underneath. B. Cloud Storage C. Cloud Security IV. FUTURE TRENDS A. Hybrid Cloud Computing. COMPANIES INVOLVED. A. Insightful, Facebook, Amazon, Mosso. VI. REGULATORY ISSUES. A. Data Protection Act and its Salient features. VII. GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS A. Rising adoption and spread of cloud computing globally. B. ERP and the CLOUD. C. SaaS. D. Real World Organizations. VIII. ENTERPRISE CLOUD COMPUTING A. Concept, Implication and Strategies. IX. Conclusion A. Concluding the standing of cloud computing in the modern Era. B. Proposing Future expansions in the domain. THE STUDY CLOUD COMPUTING INTRODUCTION: ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­===================================================================== The phenomenon of cloud computing and the concept of clo ud is well known among the IT techies now. However, for a novice to get to know the basics of the concept the definition provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is quoted as follows: NIST defines cloud computing in the following few words: â€Å"model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal

Essential Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Essential Questions - Essay Example This is done by imparting and acquiring knowledge necessary to eliminate illiteracy and generally changing the mindset. Although in the modern day education is mainly advanced in formal settings such as schools, it can also be done in informal settings. In fact, the first education steps take place in informal settings and in a sub conscious situation from birth. According to Dewey, the sub conscious education from birth is responsible for shaping traits and arousing feelings and emotions in individuals (Dewey, p.1). This implies that education plays an important role in shaping people’s habits and general behavior. This corresponds with the main purpose of education of nurturing growth and general development essential in improving life status in entirety. Fulfilling education purposes requires an outline of appropriate strategies that integrate together to create the desired objective. These strategies stipulate the constituents of education and they tend to lie more on formal education. This is because informal education is seemingly uncontrollable since it entails everyday experiences some that may be adopted sub consciously. As such, determination of what education should entail lies more on improving efficiency and outcome of formal education. This implies that the main focus is on teachers critically examining their techniques and expertise in the teaching practice. This is because teaching techniques specific to the students in play are an appropriate way of advancing education (Ball and Forzani, 2009, p.6). However, other seemingly external factors such as government policies also have influence on education. Nonetheless, the best outcome from formal education has been coupled with student interests (Counts, p.2). This simply means making the learning process student friendly and parallel to some of the acceptable interests. Basically, education should

"United States of Secrets" Or "Long distance Essay

"United States of Secrets" Or "Long distance revolutionary" - Essay Example The public views Mumia Abu-Jamal as a political prisoner as well as a victim of the unethical and unjust American judicial system. The African-American community affirms their long-held belief of Mumia’s innocence in his case associated with the murder of a police officer through the film. Therefore, the film received positive reception from the public, as they believe that the protagonist was a revolutionary who stood for the rights of individuals in the American society. He is thus considered a role model for the society as citizens see him as an incarcerated journalist who represents an international symbol of the product of injustice and nature of capital punishment. The documentary delivers a compelling case of innocence of the murder crime that Abu-Jamal is accused of. Therefore, the story represents the struggles that typify individuals, especially the African-American community, on issues apparent in the judicial system such as lack of substantial evidence to incarcera te a person, evidence tampering, and the withhold of exculpatory facts. I believe that the film Long Distance Revolutionary is an influential political documentary and indictment of the hypocrisy and injustice apparent in the American society. The documentary focuses on controversial issues of injustice and institutional racism that is apparent in numerous institutions such as the judicial system. The documentary focuses on a former Philadelphia Association of Black Journalists’ president and National Public Radio Reporter, who is widely recognized for his unwavering ability to compose publications such as books and articles within the confines of a prison. However, despite his international reputation, many people do not have the understanding about Mumia’s personality, his struggles, and his evolving worldviews. Therefore, the documentary offers an

Research Critique of Qualitative Research on Registered Nurses

Research Critique of Qualitative Research on Registered Nurses All healthcare professionals are required to understand and promote evidence based practice, and therefore are required to identify and evaluate primary research which is relevant to their own areas of practice and professional activity (Rycroft-Malone et al, 2004 p. 81-82). Nurses can critique evidence for practice that is available within peer reviewed publications, and can choose from a spectrum of research evidence derived within qualitative and quantitative contexts. While it has long been established that within medicine and healthcare, the scientific paradigm and the quantitative domain are considered to provide the best evidence to inform practice, (Upshur, 2001 p. 5; Sackett et a, 1996 p. 71), there is an increasing drive for the recognition of the contribution of qualitative research to the evidence base of an essentially human-oriented discipline (Rycroft-Malone et al, 2004 p. 81, Upshur, 2001 p. 5; Stevens and Ledbetter 2000 p. 91). In this essay, the author will undertake a critical evaluation of an identified qualitative research study. The article will be reviewed using the Cormack (2000) framework for evaluation of primary research articles, and will draw on other published research on qualitative methodologies to evaluate the article and its importance for nursing knowledge and practice. Critique of the Article The chosen article is Pang et al (2009, p. 312), a study of professional values of Chinese nurses, published in the journal Nursing and Health Sciences. It is published in a reputable, peer-reviewed publication, which would suggest that it is likely to be of sufficient quality to warrant a full critique. Title The title is concise: Nursing values in China: the expectations of registered nurses. (Pang et al, 2009, p. 312). As such, it informs the reader of the focus of the study, and its subject matter. However, it does not indicate in this title the nature of the study. Authors The authors qualifications and places of work are given. All are registered nurses, and four out of the five have doctoral qualifications, while the fifth has a masters level qualification. This suggests that they have both the clinical knowledge and experience and the research expertise to carry out such a study. They are all employed in academic settings, and four out of the five are employed within the Chinese/Asian context, while one is employed at an American university. This could be argued to be a positive strength of this study, because the authors have the local and contextual knowledge to research within this cultural arena, but have a non-partisan author as well to provide balance and a wider perspective. Abstract The article starts with an abstract which immediately introduces the reader to the purpose of the research, which was to identify the essential professional values of Chinese nurses and their manifestations in the current health-care environment (Pang et al, 2009, p. 312). This is a positive aspect of this article because it clearly indicates to the reader the focus of the article. The abstract then summarises the sample, data collection method and method of analysis, followed by the results and an evaluation of the findings and their implication for practice. However, this abstract does not at any time discuss the qualitative approach used in this study, or make reference to ontological framework or any influencing models or theories (Silverman, 2001 p. 85). Introduction/Literature Review The introduction contextualises the research by introducing the reader to the Chinese context, in terms of cultural change and its relationship to a global context. They link the evolution of professional ethics to reform and the working conditions of nurses within China, with specific reference to values (Pang et al, 2009, p. 312). This author would argue that it would have been better to perhaps provide more detail here so that the reader could better understand Chinese culture and politics. The authors introduce key concepts within the introduction, which is a strength of the reporting of this study. This relates to their focus on values, and they explore this concept with reference to relevant literature, linking values to key aspects of nursing knowledge and practice. This allows the reader who is a nurse to understand and identify the importance of this study for their own practice, and the relationship between their practice and professionalism and this analysis of values. They further discuss the rationale for the research by making reference to nurses awareness of their values and how these values impact their behaviour and link this to humanistic nursing practice (Pan et al, 2009, p. 312). They then show that the issue of professional values in China is something reasonably novel, and therefore, worthy of investigation. Because the concept of professional values is relatively new in China, there is limited research to guide professional development. (Pang et al, 2009, p. 312). This introduction, therefore, is the only aspect of the study which involves a critical review of the literature, in terms of contextualisation of the research and providing a rationale for the study. While this is appropriate, there is no evidence of any real critical analysis of the quality of the research cited within this section, although more research is referred to later on in the discussion section of the paper. This author would argue that a wider range of research which demonstrates the importance of the concept of values in nursing should have been included here. Cormack (2000) argues that the literature review should identify the underlying theoretical frameworks and present a balanced evaluation of material which supports and goes against the position that the authors propose, and in this paper, there is not enough exploration of the theoretical frameworks, and certainly no attempt at a balanced evaluation of the focus on values here. The hypothesis There is no hypothesis in this paper as this is a qualitative study, and qualitative studies do not use hypotheses these are a characteristic of quantitative studies (Silverman, 2001, p. 80). Operational Definitions The authors do identify terms used in relation to nursing values, and to the Chinese context, but this author would argue that there is not enough exploration of operational definitions, particularly in relation to the methodological approach which has been used. Methodology Cormack (2000) suggests that the methodology section should provide a clear statement about the chosen research approach, and the authors clearly state that they have used a qualitative approach to obtain thick description of nurses perceptions and experiences of professional values (Pang et al, 2009, p. 313). However, this is the only reference to the nature of the study. Sandelowski (2009 p. 77 states that using qualitative description as a distinctive research methodology in its own right is erroneous. It does justify the choice of approach, because of the paucity of related research in China (Pang et al, 2009, p. 313). However, the authors have made no attempt to describe, explore or evaluate any philosophical orientation, research paradigm, framework, ideological underpinnings, or qualitative theories which relate to the work they are carrying out. The field of qualitative research methodology is vast, complex and full of a wide range of methodological frameworks and theoretical models (Silverman, 2001 pp. 85-102), and there are a number of ways in which qualitative research principles are applied to research projects. Therefore, it could be argued that this paper has a serious lack of methodological explanation and transparency, which would not only limit the ability to replicate and reproduce this study, but also limits its transferability to populations beyond the study sample (Blaxter et al, 1996 p. 185; Dale 2005 p. 184). The reporting of the study does not provide enough transparency to allow this author to evaluate its methodological rigour, as there is no exploration of any of the above concepts, and no evidence that the authors of the study have attempted to justify their approach or evaluate the pros and cons of their methodological framework. However, the use of a qualitative method is justified. Subjects The authors of the study do clearly identify their subjects (Cormack, 2000). Sample Selection The sample is described as a purposive sample (Pang et al, 2009 p. 313), and this is an appropriate method of sampling for a qualitative study such as this (Dale, 2005 p. 183). However, the authors could have explained the nature and rationale for purposive sampling, to make this report more accessible to the reader who is less familiar with research terms and concepts. The sample size is described, but no details are given of how the participants were recruited, which does not allow the reader to evaluate this process and its appropriateness. Data Collection Cormack (2000) suggests that the reader should consider whether data collection procedures are adequately described. Pang et al (2009 p. 313) have used focus groups and in-depth interviews to collect data, and they justify their use of focus groups. They describe their individual interviews as semistructured, which is an appropriate approach within most qualitative methodologies (Bowling, 2000). However, they further state that the participants were allocated to either method according to their interests. Based on the available time, the focus group participants were assigned to homogenous groups. (Pang et al, 2009, p .313). While this is not necessarily outside the remit of a qualitative study, it does suggest that the ordering of the data collection process may include or introduce some bias, particularly as participants who preferred it went into focus groups. There is good clarity about the process of data collection, but it would have been useful, particularly for replication studies, if the authors had included a table or chart with the questions used, and provided examples of the additional probing questions that were used to explore the answers to the main questions (Pang et al, 2009, p. 313). Silverman (2001 p.85-101) supports the use of supplementary questions within semistructured interviews, and certainly this is a valid way of eliciting as much information as possible from the participants. Ethical Considerations The authors of the study do include a section on ethical considerations, which is crucial in nursing research which involves vulnerable individuals, including nursing staff themselves. There appears to be ethical approval from appropriate bodies, and some level of review. The authors state they gained informed consent, maintained confidentiality and assured participants of the right to withdraw (Pang et al, 2009 p. 313). Results The results are presented within the text, under sub-headings. The authors provide demographic data, and then an exploration of the themes which were found under the sub-heading of Essential professional values (Pang et al, 2009, p. 313). There is a good level of detailed description of each theme, and there are several direct quotes from the research data, which aids transparency and auditability of the research (Dale, 2005 pp. 183-186). However, there is no graphic representation of findings, or modelling of themes or how themes were arrived at. Using models or other graphical representations of thematic findings can enhance accessibility. Data Analysis In the case of qualitative research, it is important that the reader can identify the processes involved in arriving at thematic results such as this (Silverman, 2001, pp. 85-101; Kearney, 2001 p. 145). The process of thematic analysis is described in detail, which not only shows a degree of methodological rigour but also enhances replication. However, this author would argue that more detail could have been included here for even greater clarity, and there could have been some explanation of the justification for this methodological approach, showing the provenance of this type of analytical process, as well as usefulness of the measures used to promote rigour. The trail of the analysis could have been made clearer (Koch, 2006 p. 91). Discussion The discussion included in this article is very interesting, particularly to the non-Chinese reader. It presents some of the issues in relation to culture and ideology. Cormack (2000) asks whether the discussion is balanced, and reading this, there does appear to be a balanced evaluation, especially of conflicts between Chinese or personal ideologies, and professional ideologies. Each theme is discussed sequentially in this section, making reference to key literature, and to other research which is relevant to the findings. The differences between Western and Chinese values are highlighted, as would be expected given the focus of the article. Limitations of the study are described and discussed in a separate section, but there is not really much explicit evaluation of the implications for practice. The discussion clearly links the findings of these studies with a number of universal concepts and concerns of the nursing profession and healthcare practice. Nursing values are linked wit h nursing ethics (Arman and Rhensfeldt, 2007 p. 372). This is closely linked to viewing patients as individuals, and with the concept of caring (Arman and Rhensfeldt, 2007 p. 372), which is also a central theme of the critiqued article. Issues of conflict with personal and professional ideologies also appear elsewhere in nursing research and debate, and can occur outside of cultural conflicts (Juthberg et al, 2007 p. 329). There are ongoing debates on how much nurses change during their professional lives, in relation to their personal and professional values, and Lindh et al (2007 p. 129) argue that nurses should not have to compromise their values in order to practice their profession. Pang et al (2009 p. 315) show that nurses in China were entrenched in positive ideologies and that nursing values relate closely to the identified themes. Conclusions The article presents a small conclusion, but no separate recommendations for practice. The conclusion summarises the findings, of identifying these seven essential values of Chinese nurses, and their correlation with established codes of ethics for nurses (Pang et al, 2009 p. 315). They state that professional values are influenced by traditional Chinese culture and the current socioeconomic trends (Pang et al, 2009, p. 315). They recommend the development of a culturally sensitive professional values scale for China, for use in future quantitative or mixed methods designs, suggesting that this study provides useful information for development of such an instrument (Pang et al, 2009, p. 315). This author would argue that this is a sad state of affairs, to only see these qualitative findings as contributing to future quantitative studies, but it reflects the general perception of qualitative research being of significantly lower status than quantitative in relation to evidence for pra ctice (Upshur, 2001 p. 5). This author would argue that this study provides a good exploration of Chinese nursing ethical and value-based meaning, and as such demonstrates the commonality of nursing practice across what are considered to be significant and clearly demarked cultural boundaries. Conclusion This review has highlighted the relevance of this article to wider nursing theories and concepts, and has shed light on the values possessed by Chinese nurses which appear to be similar to those of other nurses. There are issues with the quality of reporting of this study, particularly in relation to methodological transparency, but this author would argue that the study does contribute to nursing knowledge in a very real way. The type of reporting may be the limitation, not the research itself. 2. Research Critique (on Quantitative research) Nurses are expected to provide the best standards of care possible for their patients and clients, and in order to do this, they are required to provide evidence-based practice wherever possible. Part of this process of providing care based on the best available evidence involves appraising primary research (Elliott, 2001, p. 555). If nurses are to improve their practice, and apply evidence to improve their clinical and theoretical knowledge and skills, they must be able to assess the quality of the available research which is relevant to their practice (Freshwater and Bishop, 2003k p23; Hek, 2000, p. 19). According to Hek (2000 p. 19-21), evidence based practice incorporates professional expertise, patient need and preference, and the best available evidence. But in order to identify this best evidence, the nurse must undertake an evaluation and critical review of research studies, to see if the research is useful and of sufficient quality to be applied to their practice (Fink, 2005 ). This essay evaluates a quantitative research article which has relevance to nursing practice, because it deals with a chronic condition and one which is prevalent in worldwide populations. The author will review Tangkawanich et al (2008 p. 216) Causal model of health: health-related quality of life in people living with HIV/AIDS in the northern region of Thailand. This article is published in a reputable journal, The Journal of Nursing and Health Sciences which addresses issues of interest and concern to nurses internationally, and as such, offers specific insight into HIV/AIDS and nursing within a global context. There are a number of appraisal tools available to healthcare practitioners to assist them in analysing and critiquing primary research articles. Such models are developed over time in relation to standardised conceptualisations of what constitutes quality and rigour in research and in its reporting. For the purposes of this essay, the primary tool used is that proposed by Cormack (2000), but the author will make reference to other critiquing guides and information, including the popular CASP tool (PHRU, 2009, online) Discussion 1. Title The title is concise (Cormack, 2000) and describes the focus of the research itself. While it clearly indicates what the purpose of the study was (Cormack, 2000), it could be clearer and more indicative of the nature of the study. While the nature of the research in setting out to examine the causal relationships between age, antiretroviral treatment, social support, symptom experience, self-care strategies and health related quality of life (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p. 216) in the chosen sample and population, is apparent in the abstract, there is little indication of these particular variables in the title, although the description of the causal model (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p. 216) does indicate the nature of the research. The use of the word causal (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p. 216) also suggests that this is a quantitative research article. It does not clearly indicate the research approach used (Cormack, 2000). To the less research-aware reader, it would be difficult to divine this information from the title alone, and it could be argued that it would be better to include in this title a clearer indication of the nature of the study. This would then help the reader to identify if this is the type of research study that would be applicable to their own practice or learning. 2. Authors The authors qualifications are provided, and they all are registered nurses, all of which have postgraduate degrees, and two of which have doctorates. They all work within nursing education within a University context. This would suggest that they have the research skills and expertise to carry out such a study. However, there is no indication in the author list whether or not any of them have the statistical expertise for the study. 3. Abstract Tangkawanich et al, (2008 p 216) provide an abstract, which is identified by Cormack (2000) as an important introduction to the article. The study effectively summarises the research, by identifying the variables being tested. The authors do not, however, present the hypothesis in the abstract (Cormack, 2000). The abstract contains a summary of the study sample, and also identifies the research tools that have been used. They include the results and a summary of conclusions from these findings. As such, the abstract does represent the article itself (PHRU, 2009, online), and for the reader, it does make it easy to identify whether or not the article is relevant to their interest. In particular, it does indicate clearly that it is a quantitative paper which uses recognisable data collection tools. 4. Introduction and Literature Review Although Cormack (2000) separates these two into distinct subheadings, within this article, the introduction and literature review are contiguous. The author has noted that this is often the case in the reporting of such studies, but this may simply be a convention of the publication itself, and not the preference of the authors of the study. The authors use the introduction to contextualise the problem in relation to published research, stating the importance of health-related quality of life (HRQL) for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), because of the impact of the disease on these individuals daily lives (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p. 216). They discuss changes and advances in treatment options for this condition, and relate this to HRQL, and then discuss the disease itself, and how these impact upon HRQL (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p. 216). They summarise some research about this topic, and also look at self-care strategies, symptom management and treatment (Tangkawanich et al, 200 8 p. 216). There is some exploration of HRQL and its relationship to nursing and to existing literature on this topic, which aids understanding of the concept prior to reading the rest of the article. They highlight some important topics in relation to the focus of the article, including treatment, social support, and other issues (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p. 216). Although the introduction/literature review contextualises and introduces this study, this author believes that a more detailed critical analysis of the literature would be warranted here. It is not enough to cite previous research as a means of establishing the credentials of the study, as it were. A wider range of research could have been included (Gerrish and Lacey, 2006, 38; Fontana, 2004, p.93), and this research could have been evaluated to identify its quality. It is left to the reader to pursue this matter and determine the quality of the research upon which they base the premise and justification for this study. This could be considered a limitation in the reporting of this research. 5. The Hypothesis The authors do not state a hypothesis (Cormack, 2000), as such, but instead present a research question. The purpose of this study was to examine the causal relationships between age, antiretroviral treatment, social support, symptom experience, self-care strategies, and the HRQL in Thai PLWHA ((Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p. 217). The nature of this statement would suggest that it is not an experimental study, but that it is within a quantitative research paradigm. 6. Operational definitions Cormack (2000) suggests that people appraising research question whether operational definitions are clearly presented. In this study, operational definitions are explained within the introduction but in language that would make it inaccessible to the less experienced or less knowledgeable reader. 7. Methodology The methodology section does not clearly state or discuss the choice of a quantitative approach (Cormack,2000). The focus of the section on Methods is rather on the instruments that are being used. The quality of this study seems to rest in the choice of a quantitative approach, and the choice of data collection instruments. Quantitative research approaches offer a better standard of evidence, with generally greater ability for replication and greater rigour (Kitson et al, 2000 p. 149; Duffy, 2005, p. 233). As far as research for healthcare practice is concerned, quantitative studies hold better status than those based with a qualitative paradigm (Hek, 2000 p. 19; Newman et al, 1998 p. 231; Pepler et al, 2006, p. 23). There is however no real discussion of the underpinning principles of quantitative research (Parahoo, 2006). It is good that the research instruments are explained in such detail, because it helps overcome one of the limitations of quantitative research, that of not asking the right questions to elicit answers that relate to person al experience (Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, 2004 p. 14). 8. Subjects There is very limited detail given of sample selection, save stating that eight hospitals were randomly selected using a lottery method without replacement and that the 422 participants were randomly sampled (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p. 217). This could constitute a limitation of this research, as it is not possible to identify if there was any sampling bias, how participants were recruited, who recruited them, and any ethical issues in relation to participant recruitment (Hek, 2000, p. 20; PHRU, 2009, online, Bowling, 2002). This author would argue that this is a weakness of the study, as these are crucial elements of quality measurement in primary research within healthcare (Austin, 2001 p. 1; Cooper, 2006, p. 439; Nuremberg Code, 1949, online). 9. Sample selection Sample selection is not discussed in any detail, which could be a weakness of the study, as mentioned above (Cormack, 2000). Sample size is stated, but it is not stated whether this was statistically determined, which could also be considered a weakness, as achieving a statistically sound sample size is important within quantitative research (Daggett et al, 2005, p. 255; Donovan, 2002). 10. Data Collection Data collection procedures are not adequately described in this study (Cormack, 2000). This would be problematic for replication and for rigour. There is no indication who administered the questionnaires, whether or not they were self-report in the participants own time and convenience, or whether a researcher was present at the time of completion. This could be considered a weakness of this studys reporting. The issue of researcher bias is important in the completion of data collection tools, and while questionnaires may be considered a way of avoiding this, if they are remotely administered, it is not always possible to check they are full, or honest, or completed by the intended target (Gillham, 2000, p. 48). Having the researcher present, however, could introduce bias or influence of some kind, particularly in vulnerable people (Bowling, 2001). As these are vulnerable adults attending clinics for their chronic condition, not discussion how the data was collected from them is a se rious failing and may also constitute an ethical issue. However, a strength of this study could be considered to be the use of multiple data collection instruments, and the detail with which they are described, and their provenance accounted for. They have used the Social Support Questionniare, the Symptom Experience Questionnaire, the Self-Care Strategies Questionnaire, and the Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p. 217). These are described in detail, and where they are based on previously developed research or derived directly from previous studies, this is also described. As these are established research data collection tools, this would suggest they have been previously validated, which adds to the quality of the research (Yu and Cooper, 1983 p. 36; Oppenheim, 1992; McDowell and Newell, 1996; McColl et al, 2001 p. 1). The demographics of the sample are addressed to some extent, and the use of multiple tools also helps to address potential confounding variables or factors (PHRU, 2009, online). 11. Ethical Considerations It is clearly stated within the study that ethical approval was derived from an appropriate body, and that informed consent was achieved, both of which signify good ethical consideration here (Cormack, 2000). However, there is no explanation of what information was given to the participants, how informed consent was achieved, or if there was any issue with communication or accessibility for people with different communication needs. It does not specifically address issues of anonymity and confidentiality (Cormack, 2000), but instead seems to focus on safety (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 218). 12. Results The results of this study are presented in tables, diagrams, and in great detail within the text of the paper. The key results and demographic issues are presented, but data presentation is summarised in a results section and then in more detail in the discussion. The findings are not very accessible, but p values are clearly stated, which is important in a study of this kind. PHRU (2009, online), within the CASP tool, poses the question of do you believe the results?. This is an important question. The results seem plausible, and relate to established statistical analysis procedures (see below). But because of the lack of detail about the sample, and the selection method, it is not possible to eradicate the doubts about these findings, in relation to potential bias. But in the context of the authors wider knowledge and understanding about people living with HIV/AIDS, the results seem believable. However, the issue of bias cannot be overlooked. More transparency in reporting of key e lements of this study would have made it easier to determine whether these results constitute good evidence for practice (Rosswurm and Larrabee, 1999 p. 317; Pepler et al, 2006, p. 23). 12. Data analysis The authors carried out the statistical analyses using SPSS, which is an established statistical programme, and LISREL, which is not a programme this author is familiar with. They describe generating descriptive statistics for each of the variables under consideration, but do not present these in any detail (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p. 218). They then describe the use of multivariate analysis for specific model development, and using other tests, some of which are familiar to the author, some of which are not. While the multivariate analysis and X2 tests are acceptable tests of inference or relationships between variables (Duff, 2005 p. 234), anyone who does not have the specialist knowledge of the other tests would find it hard to determine their appropriateness here. The level of specialist statistical knowledge required to understand this would be significant. More transparency could have been achieved by including an explanation of these tests. 13. Discussion The discussion appears quite balanced (Cormack, 2000), and is very detailed, which is good, given the complexity of this study, involving as it does multiple data collection instruments. The study relates the findings back to a wide range of other research studies, which is a strength of this part of the report, showing congruence with many other findings in relation to quality of life, age, socioeconomic status, social support, antiretroviral treatment, symptoms, and self-care (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p. 219). Limitations of the study are also acknowledged (Cormack, 2000). However, the implications for practice are presented in a separate section. 14. Conclusions The conclusion supports the results obtained (Cormack, 2000), although it is not a very detailed summation of the complexity of the findings. H